Methods to Reduce Air Pollution Essay - 1898 Words

Methods to Reduce Air Pollution Air pollution is nothing new. Ever since the discovery of fire, less-than-desirable substances have been vented into the air. One of the first air-pollution regulations dates back to the fourteenth century, when King Edward I banned the burning of sea coal in lime kilns. U.S. air-pollution regulations have their roots in British Common Law. But regardless of those efforts, air pollution continues to be a serious local and world-wide problem. Pollution is the pressure within the air of one or more substances that are harmful to human health, welfare, animal or plant life, or property. In the past with air pollution we included mainly the outdoor pollutants, although in recent years this is not the case.†¦show more content†¦All these particles are mainly products of combustion. The major sources include industrial processes, power plants that are both coal and oil-fired, residential heating, and transportation. But coal burning is the greatest source. Table 1 below shows estimates of U.S. particulate emissions from various sources. TABLE 1 National U.S. Emissions Estimates-1990 (Million metric tons/year) SOURCE PARTICULATES SULFUR OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDES Transportation Highway 1.3 0.6 30.3 Aircraft 0.1 0 1.1 RailSea 0 0.3 1.9 Off-Highway equipment 0.1 0.1 4.4 TOTAL 1.5 1 37.7 Stationary fuel combustion Electric utilities 0.4 14.2 0.3 Indusrial furnaces 0.3 2.3 0.7 Commercial 0 0.4 0.1 Residential 1 0.3 6.4 TOTAL 1.7 17.2 7.5 Industrial processes 2.8 3.1 4.7 Solid waste disposal 0.3 0 1.7 Miacellaneous Forest fires 1.1 0 8.1 Other burning 0.1 0 0.6 Misc. Organic solvents 0 0 0 TOTAL 1.2 0 8.7 OVERALL TOTAL 7.5 21.3 60.3 Only 13% of the total is generated by transportation. Industrial sources account for nearly three times as much as 37%. Fires account for just about as much particulate emissions as transportation. That amount is matched by combustion from sources, which include the generation of all heat and electricity. 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Preclinical Detection of Variant CJD and BSE †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Preclinical Detection of Variant CJD and BSE. Answer: Introduction: JCD is a neurodegenerative disorder which is caused due to the altered folding of the host prion proteins. People suffering from CJD suffer from severe dementia, slurred speech, twitching of muscles and tremors, slurred speech, loss of speech, blindness. Finally the person becomes bedridden. Most of the people end up dying due to pneumonia (Head and Ironside 2012). Human prion diseases can be hereditary, acquired or sporadic. The cause of the sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is not known, but hereditary cases are associated with mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) (Siroska et al.2012). The infections can also be transferred from infected humans to other. vCJD is a new form of prion disease and resembles Bovine spongioform encephalopathy (Lacroux et al. 2014). Kuru, vCJD, iCJD all are caused by the proteinacious infected particle formed due to the altered folding of the host prion protein PrPc to infectious PrPsc (Siroska et al.2012). The common signs and symptoms of al the prion diseases are almost same such as severe dementia, insomnia, twitching of muscles, neuronal loss, loss of physical coordination, distorted speaking, loss of speech, blindness, coma followed by death. Symptoms of Kuru involve compulsive crying or laughing (Sikorska and Liberski 2012). Kuru is a fatal nervous system disease and is highly prevalent during the 1950s and 1960 in people residing in the highlands of New Guinea. The fore people contracted this disease on eating the infected brains of the dead people as the funeral rites (Siroska et al.2012). Kuru mainly occurs as a result of cannibalism or coming in to contact with open wounds or sores of somebody with kuru. Many years later it was found that in this disease the infected brain resembles sponges with holes (Sikorska and Liberski 2012). Iatrogenic CJD is a neurodegenerative disorder that occurs due to the exposure to prion infections (Siroska et al.2012). Exposure to the prion particles may occur due to medical treatment that involves blood products or tissues from an infected individual. It can occur during the organ transplants, preparation of hormones (Sikorska and Liberski 2012). One can be contracted to this by unexpected incidents such as stab wounds by a needle that was in contact with a brain or tissue infected with CJD. Symptoms of Iatrogenic CJD are almost similar to that of sporadic CJD. It involves depression, memory lapse with a rapid progression to dementia. iCJD is very rare in comparison to kuru or variant CJD. Less than 1 percent of the cases have been found to contract acquired CJD (Siroska et al.2012). vCJD is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease. It belonged to the family of diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (Lacroux et al.2014). vCJD is differentiated from kuru and other CJD in the context that vCJd shows its onset at a much younger age than that of CJD. In vCJD the amount of the amyloid plaques is much more than that of classical CJD (Siroska et al.2012). Unlike Kuru and iCJD, vCJD is caused from the consumption of contaminated meat products from cattle having a disease called bovine Spongiform encephalopathy or ' mad cow disease'. According to findings, the infectious particle responsible for the BSE in cattles is the same as the causative agent of vCJD. Symptoms are same as that of the other classes of CJD. vCJD as first discovered in 1996, and was prevalent mainly in Great Britain along with many other European countries. The initial symptom of vCJD is different from the other forms of CJD. It occurs in typically younger patients as compared to the other forms, whereas in the other forms, the median age is about 68 years (Urwin et al.2016). The incubation period of vCJD is unknown (Siroska et al.2012). vCJD have typical unique features, having prominent clinical manifestations. The neurologic abnormalities are delayed. The duration of the illness lasts for about 6 months after which the patient dies. The presence of florid plaques is rarely found in other forms of CJD, but in vCJD it is present in large numbers (Lacroux et al.2014). The infectious agent is usually not determined in the other two forms of CJD but is readily found in the lymphoid tissues (Sikorska and Liberski 2012). Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vCJD is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by the infectious prior protein that was discovered in the United Kingdom in the year 1996. It is characterized by the formation of holes in the brain due to the accumulation of the amyloid plaques in the brain (Davidson et al.2014). The agent responsible for the prion diseases in cows, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is the same agent for causing vCJD in humans (Siroska et al.2012). vCJD is exclusively caused by the prion protein designated as PrPsc without any encoding nucleic acid. PrPSc is nothing but an altered form of the normal host functional prion protein PrPc. Abnormal prion proteins are generated due to the abnormal folding of the PrPc protein (Sikorska and Liberski 2012). PrPc is protinease sensitive but PrPsc are resistant to proteases and hence deposit as amyloid plaques. The infectious prion proteins are transmissible and self propagating. More abnormal prion proteins are produced; it converts rest of the normal proteins to its abnormal isoforms rapidly (Lacroux et al.2014). It has been found that the conformational change in the PrPc is caused due to the mutation in the PRNP gene, which modifies the sequence of the amino acids. A valine or methionine polymorphism at the codon number 129 of the PRNP gene is the probable cause of the disease (Lacroux et al.2014). Normally the host protein contains alpha helical structures, but in the altered protein beta sheets are present. Biological mechanism According to Siroska et al.(2012) the time of the incubation period PrPsc is present in all the tissue fluids, especially in the spinal fluids. At first intracytoplasmic vacuoles are formed in the neurons. With the progression of the disease the vacuolization becomes more prominent and the cortical neurophil resembles a sponge (Manix et al.2015). Advanced stage progresses with neuronal loss, brain atrophy and gliosis. The purkinje cells of the brain are lost. In some diseases related to prion infection, the PrPsc protein deposits as amyloid palques. Variant CJD is normally diagnosed by neuropathology examination. At the initial stage the disease remains asymptomatic with irreversible neurodegenerative loss (Siroska et al.2012). The disease is diagnosed by autopsy, tonsil biopsy that exploits a vast tissue distribution of the infectious protein compared to other prion diseases. Biopsy is a 100% specific test for vCJD and is specific and sensitive (Paterson et al.2012). Preclinical diagnosis is normally done by the tonsil biopsy. Neuropathologic examination reveals amyloid plaques surrounded by vacuoles in the brain which are known as florid plaques. References Davidson, L.R.R., Llewelyn, C.A., Mackenzie, J.M., Hewitt, P.E. and Will, R.G., 2014. Variant CJD and blood transfusion: are there additional cases?.Vox sanguinis,107(3), pp.220-225. Hall, J.E., 2015.Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Head, M.W. and Ironside, J.W., 2012. CreutzfeldtJakob disease: prion protein type, disease phenotype and agent strain.Neuropathology and applied neurobiology,38(4), pp.296-310. Lacroux, C., Comoy, E., Moudjou, M., Perret-Liaudet, A., Lugan, S., Litaise, C., Simmons, H., Jas-Duval, C., Lantier, I., Bringue, V. and Groschup, M., 2014. Preclinical detection of variant CJD and BSE prions in blood.PLoS pathogens,10(6), p.e1004202. Manix, M., Kalakoti, P., Henry, M., Thakur, J., Menger, R., Guthikonda, B. and Nanda, A., 2015. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: updated diagnostic criteria, treatment algorithm, and the utility of brain biopsy.Neurosurgical focus,39(5), p.E2. Paterson, R.W., Torres-Chae, C.C., Kuo, A.L., Ando, T., Nguyen, E.A., Wong, K., DeArmond, S.J., Haman, A., Garcia, P., Johnson, D.Y. and Miller, B.L., 2012. Differential diagnosis of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease.Archives of neurology,69(12), pp.1578-1582. Sikorska, B. and Liberski, P.P., 2012. Human prion diseases: from Kuru to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. InProtein Aggregation and Fibrillogenesis in Cerebral and Systemic Amyloid Disease(pp. 457-496). Springer Netherlands. Sikorska, B., Knight, R., Ironside, J.W. and Liberski, P.P., 2012. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.Neurodegenerative Diseases, pp.76-90. Urwin, P.J.M., Mackenzie, J.M., Llewelyn, C.A., Will, R.G. and Hewitt, P.E., 2016. CreutzfeldtJakob disease and blood transfusion: updated results of the UK Transfusion Medicine Epidemiology Review Study.Vox sanguinis,110(4), pp.310-316.

External and Personal Factors Affecting Development - Lo2 - 3.3 Level 3 Diploma free essay sample

Also another factor of this syndrome is that mothers who are drinking early in the pregnancy also risk that the baby’s facial features will be deformed. Other symptoms of this syndrome may not become apparent until after the child is born and starts to grow, some of the symptoms are as follows: learning difficulties, problems with speech, poor short term memory, poor attention span, poor coordination and failure to thrive. Each child with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is different and I would need to be patient and sensitive in my approach to care, I would need to attend relevant training and also work closely with health care professionals, Social workers and teachers. I would also need to be very aware of the difference between chronological age and mental age when choosing activities and organizing routines and boundaries. Premature Birth Personal Factors Premature birth is a baby that is born before 37 weeks gestation, there are many reasons why a baby can be born prematurely such as Pre-eclampsia, high blood pressure, maternal diabetes, placental abruption, drug taking and infections. We will write a custom essay sample on External and Personal Factors Affecting Development Lo2 3.3 Level 3 Diploma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These babies are normally kept a neonatal unit where they can be monitored closely. Premature babies are very small and have a low birth weight, they may have  jaundice and suffer from respiratory problems and have little resistance to infections. In caring for a premature baby I would ensure that they are kept warm, as they have not had time to build fat stores like full term babies. Some babies need to have an oxygen supply if they had experienced breathing difficulties, so I would ensure that a health care professional trained me in how to use this correctly. Also these babies are prone to infection so I would take care to maintain high standards of hygiene during the early months and years. Downs Syndrome Personal Factors Downs syndrome is a life long condition, babies born with this condition tend to be floppy and have very flexible joints. The characteristic signs of Downs syndrome are fairly easy to recognize soon after birth, whilst others may look and behave no differently from other babies. Downs Syndrome children will suffer with life long learning disabilities, and it will take these children longer to process information, to learn new things. They may also have speech or hearing difficulties. I would ensure in caring for a child that I sought the appropriate support from schools and specialists. Ensure that they integrated with the community, encourage movement and for them to explore and provide them with toys and activities, while letting them learn at their own pace. Ensure that I got support from an early intervention programme to provide support for the child and myself and family. Maternal Nutrition Personal Factors A woman carrying a baby needs a healthy balanced diet in order for the baby to grow and receive the correct nutrients, if the mother has poor diet this can increase the risk of the baby being prematurely, small in size and suffering with breathing problems. If mothers don’t increase their folic acid in take via supplements or diet they also risk their child suffering from a birth defect known as a neural tube defect. Neural tube defects are problems with the development of the spinal cord and brain and can include pina bifida. In caring for the baby I would ensure that I had the support of the paedtrician/dietian to ensure that special supplements and feeding regimes were correct in order to stabilize their condition and then to gradually introduce them to a normal diet. 2. 2 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors. Attachment Disorder External Factors: Attachment is a connectio n made between a mother and child and is vital in a child’s development, as it helps to regulate emotions and behavior. If the mother or main care giver has had problems making the bond with a child or is unable to meet the child’s needs i. e. offers no comfort when child cries, neglects, abuses physically or sexually, or doesn’t talk with or smile at the child. The child may suffer from Attachment Disorder, children with this disorder find it hard to trust and make bonds with people and possibly new care givers, they find it hard to make eye contact and will reject attempts made to calm them if upset, and will find it difficult to interact within social groups. These children may also experience anxiety, lack of self-esteem and possible aggressive behaviours. To help children with attachment disorders they will need help in learning to develop secure attachments, this can be done with the support of a therapeutic worker and the support of carers giving the child a secure base (to enable them to feel safe), providing boundaries and routines, taking time to listen and talk with children and using therapeutic parent modeling called PACE (Playful, Acceptance, Curiosity, Empathy). Domestic Violence External Factors: Children that are exposed to domestic violence have often seen their parent hit or beaten, also controlling behaviours, taunting. Children will have experienced similar themselves, there are many factors that may cause domestic violence, poverty being one of them, one parent may feel trapped in a relationship that they are unable break free from, drugs and alcohol may also be involved but that alone will not be the reason for the violence but will have an adverse affect on the situation. Children who witness this are also likely to copy the behaviours seen in the family home. In looking after a child that has experienced domestic violence, I would ensure that I had help from professionals such as social and therapeutic workers, also provide an environment in which the child could feel safe and secure, while giving them a secure base. These children will experience fear and anxiety, emotional and psychological damage these children will require long-term support and sensitive care. Neglect External Factors: Some adults struggle to manage their lives and that of their children, which can lead to a chaotic home life for children. Possible causes for this could be that the parents up bringing was inadequate, Parents may be suffering from mental health issues, and this could lead to them to being unable to meet their child’s physical and emotional needs. In caring for a neglected child I would work closely with health, social work, and therapeutic professionals. Neglected children may suffer from a variety of issues: shame, attachment disorders, lack of social skills, Encopresis and Enuresis (wetting and soiling), non attendance at school, struggling at school due to lack of involvement from parents. Again these children need sensitive and long term care. Teenagers Personal Choice External Factors: As teenagers become more independent, their peers play a greater role in their life. School and other activities take them away from home, and they may spend more time with their peers than with parents and family. They may develop close friendships with some of their peers, some of their peers may pressure them into trying things such as shoplifting, doing drugs or drinking, taking dangerous risks when driving a car, or having sex. In trying to care for a teenager, I would ensure that I talked with them about the risks they may be taking or thinking of doing, ensure that they were aware of places like â€Å"connections†, where they can access help and support with things like, sexual health, drugs and alcohol. 2. 3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice. Social Learning Theory – Albert Bandura 1925 – Albert Bandura’s theory is that children learn their behaviours from watching other people, and that children learn through praise, pride and accomplishment. He believes that children develop by gathering information by observation. Bandura devised three ways or concepts of learning: Observational, internal mental states, learning does not necessarily lead to changes in behaviours. His most famous experiment to show learned behaviours is the â€Å"Bobo Doll†. In my current practice you can see Bandura’s theory, with the placements I have they came from a violent and neglectful background, and easily express emotions by lashing out and hitting, we are now working on showing them different ways to express emotion without hurting others around them. Constructive Theory – Jean Piaget 1896-1980 This theory was developed by Piaget, who was interested in children’s cognitive development. He believed that children learnt by constructing or building thoughts of things that they experienced in the world around them. Piaget believed that children’s thinking went through four separate stages; Sensor motor stage – Birth to 2years, Pre-operational stage – 2-7years, Concrete operations – 7-12 years, Formal operation – 12 years and over. Piaget believed that children should be given the opportunity to explore, discover and experiment as they are active learners and think differently to adults. Piaget stated that children think differently not because they know less but because their thought processes are different. A various age’s children will use different strategies and ways of problem solving. Piaget believed that children’s thought processes could only mature as they grew up. Piaget’s theory works in practice but only if children have been given the correct building blocks, with our placements we have to take them back to the basic’s and help them learn so that they can start to progress and start to use there thinking and problem solving skills. Humanist Theory – Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 Maslow was a psychologist who developed the theory based on the â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs†. His theory is based on the principle that the order of need is the same for all children, if their needs are met then children will progress and learn (this is also relevant for all ages). The five levels of are: Basic needs, Safety needs, Social needs, Esteem needs and Self-actualization. Maslow believed that your lower or basic needs had to be met in order to progress; once all needs have been fulfilled you can reach self actualization. Maslow’s theory can be seen in practice, as many looked after children haven’t had their basic needs met. This is one of the first things that you start to work with ensuring that children feel safe and providing food, warmth and comfort. Attachment Theory – John Bowlby 1907 – 1990 amp; Mary Ainsworth 1913-1991 Bowbly’s theory is based on attachment or the bond of special affection between two people, one of which experiences comfort security and affection from the other. An attachment is characterized by; a secure base, proximity seeking and separation protest. Bowlby work with Ainsworth who helped to develop the theory with the â€Å"strange situation† experiment, from this experiment they formed four distinct and different patterns of attachment, which are: secure attachment, ambivalent attachment, avoidant attachment and disorganized attachment. In my current practice I do a lot of attachment-based work, as both my placements did not have secure attachments with anyone in their family and have no bond at all with their birth mother. One child suffers with disorganized attachment and the other with ambivalent attachment disorders. Building trust is key to caring for these children, while also working on giving them a secure base on which to start building bonds, trust, confidence and also for their future relationships. Frameworks to support development The Early Foundation Stage: The EYFS sets the standards for all early years providers, which they must met and provide to ensure that all children are developing and learning at the correct level. EYFS ensures that children receive a wide range of skills and knowledge through seven areas of learning and development. Many theories are used in the EYFS as no one theory alone covers all aspects of development, some of the theorists used are; Piaget, Vygostsky, Bowlby and Montessori. All the theories used help to develop the seven areas of learning and development. The National Curriculum The national curriculum is a set of standards and subjects used for primary and secondary school children. It is organized so that all children learn the same thing and should reach the same standards via key stages. At the end of each key stage teachers will assess children to measure progress. Theorists that support this framework are Piaget and Vygostsky. Using the above theories, children learn the same skills and are then assessed to measure and monitor progress. Social Pedagogy Social Pedagogy is used in many educational settings across Europe and has been piloted in some areas of the UK. Social Pedagogy is a combined approach of education and care for children and adults; it focuses on the person and overall development with an enabling approach. LO. Understand how to monitor children and young peoples development and interventions that should take place if this not following the expected pattern. 3. 1 Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods. Daily notes of looked after children: These notes are written on a daily basis and give a picture of the child’s mood and how or what has happened in their day. The notes give a limited over view of daily life but not a complete overview and need to be used in conjunction with Social workers, contact books and other reviews. LAC Reviews: These meetings are for all professionals and carers to attend in order to plan for the child’s future needs, reports such as PEP’s, can be included along with views from carers and social workers, if the child is old enough they can attend and put their point of view across also. Reviews are good for gathering necessary information and planning, but not always good at giving an overall picture of the child’s more personal needs. Parents Evenings: These are a good way to see the progress a child is making in school and how they may need more help to progress. This will only show how the child is at school and not give information on general development and health. LAC Medical: Medicals for looked after children happen about every six months, they are quite extensive for the child, they are examined visually, measured and weighed and any health problems discussed including, sexual health if the child is older. These are good for continuing health problems and to check on general health and are vital for information at LAC review as it can show the progress a child has made if it has come from a neglectful background. The medical cannot be used on its own to assess need or development and has to be used in conjunction with other reports and assessments. Social Workers: Social workers are there to support children and to help organize and advise on what is best for the child, social workers tend to visit children on a six weekly basis to check on general well being and speak with parent or carer. Unfortunately social workers only see children for a brief time and have to rely on carers, reviews etc. o form a picture of the child and its development. EYFS: Will give a good indication of learning and development using various observations methods while younger children are at nursery and preschool. This is good way to monitor learning development but will not give an indication of other problems that maybe occurring outside of that environment. 3. 2 Explain the reasons why children and young peoples development may not follow the expected pattern. There are many reasons why a child’s development may not follow the expected pattern, one the reasons could be from neglect, these children may struggle at school or may not be attending school on a regular basis, this coupled with the possible lack of food and basic levels of care will have a profound effect on the development of children. Neglected children may suffer from a variety of issues: shame, attachment disorders, lack of social skills, Encopresis and Enuresis (wetting and soiling). Referenced from 2. 2 Neglect External Factors. 3. 3 Explain how disability may affect development Asperger Syndrome Asperger’s is a form of Autism, people with Asperger syndrome can find it hard to read the signals that most of us take for granted i. e. Facial expressions. This means they find it more difficult to  communicate and interact with others. Asperger’s is a life long disability and is sometimes called a â€Å"hidden disability†, as outwardly they appear to have no disability. There are three areas in which people have difficulty they are: communication, interaction and imagination, this is know as the Triad of impairments; will experience difficulty understanding gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice. Will struggle to know when to start or end a conversation, choosing topics to talk about. May use words and phrases but may not fully understand what they mean, they can be very literal in what they say and can have difficulty understanding jokes, metaphor and sarcasm. People with Asperger’s tend to have very few problems with speech and language and have average or above average intelligence, but may suffer from specific learning disabilities, which could range from ADHD, Dyslexia or dyspraxia. The families of people with Asperger’s need a good support network of professionals and friends, Senco’s can help within the school environment, any mental health issues that occur from bullying and low self esteem can be discussed with a GP and he may make a referral to CAMHS (Child and adolescent mental health service). 3. 4 Explain how different types of interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern. Different types of interventions are; Health visitor, Senco’s, Portage workers, Paediatrician, Theraputic workers (BRS), Social workers, ELSA’S, Enuerisis Clinician, Nurse Specialist, Psychologist, Youth workers, Physiotherapist, EYFS. Children’s Social Workers: Social workers work with children and their families/carers and form relationships with children who are facing challenges. Offering support and working with them, the social workers should help in developing long lasting solutions. Social workers, should act as advisers, and advocate on behalf of the children and sometimes just a listener. They will also work with families of the children and will also liaise with other professionals like teachers, doctors, nurses, health visitors, police and solicitors. Social workers help in a positive way as they are able help assist and find the best options available to help and support the child as well as families and carers. Portage home visitor: Portage workers are professionals offering a home visiting educational service for pre-school children with additional support needs and their families, visiting weekly or fortnightly. They can help in identifying strengths and goals for future learning, activities are based on play, in everyday situations to provide fun and stimulation for the child while supporting special educational needs. Portage helps parents and carers to learn new skills to support their children. * Senco’s: Work within schools to provide support for pupils with specialist learning needs. They work to provide pro-active and preventative strategies to help identify needs at an early stage and source help as quickly as possible. This is can be a very positive support for pupils and their families to alongside. Health Visitors: Are nurses or midwives who have become specialist community public health nurses. They work to promote the health and well-being of children and families by working with parents to assess the need for care, provide routine child development checks, and have responsibility for child protection issues and developing appropriate support programmes where needed. Health visitors are in a good position to monitor development and help families access support and help they may need in order to promote development. *

Euthanasia8 essays

Euthanasia8 essays Its been years now since the hospital said that your dad had a terminal disease. The health administration hasnt found a cure for it and probably wont for years to come. You hate to see your dad like this. All he can do is lay in bed, useless to the world he once helped, and wait to die. This story is sadly what some people face today. There are people who get terminal illnesses but never get cured of them and never die of them. These people almost always live painful lives doing nothing, just waiting to die. Assisted suicide is a perfect solution to some peoples problems. The opposing view is that people have no right to end anyones life at any point in time throughout life. According to Jonathan Gould and Lord Craigmyle, ...euthanasia means the painless killing of men and women to end their sufferings(15). Why do so many people condone euthanasia when it is almost every mans dream? If you consider the facts, everybody would like a painless death. I dont know many people that would like a long and painful death. People would like to die easily or in their sleep. People expect their doctor to relieve them of pain when they are sick. Infact, humans even feel that their animals should be put to death if they are suffering. This is clearly stated by Janelle Rohr when she said, A dying animal is quickly put out of its misery, but no such consideration is offered to the terminally ill human(136). Among certain primitive people, the killing or abandonment of aged or helpless members was an accepted practice(Jonathan Gould and Craigmyle 20). In America we perform abortions, execute murderers and draft young men so they may be slain for their country. But mention the subject of euthanasia and people start to get a little crazy. Having worked in a variety of medical settings, I have seen countless people suffer hideous deaths from illness ...

Results and Discussion and abstract (action research paper) Essay

Results and Discussion and abstract (action research paper) - Essay Example The results revealed that the behaviors of Kinder Adlaw students during whole group sessions before introducing the clip system were not that good; the attitudes of the students towards the clip system were well behaved, competitive, confident, and very participative; and there are huge changes in the behavior of Kinder Adlaw after implementing the clip system. Research provides information about the behaviors of Kinder Adlaw students during the whole group sessions before introducing the clip system, the attitudes of the students towards the clip system, and lastly the changes in the behavior of Kinder Adlaw after implementing the clip system. It was found out that behaviorally, Gabriel often talked out of turn during the whole group sessions before introducing the clip system. He was very minimal in raising hand and was minimally called. With his very minimal raising of hand he was not called. He sometimes raised hand and talked out of turn as evidenced by the total frequency values of 1 (1. Raised hand and was called), 1(2. Raised hand and was not called), 2 (3. Raised hand and talked out of turn), and 11 (4. Talk out of turn) respectively. This means that Gabriel was very noisy, talked out of turn, yet attentive and active, but, lack discipline and respect for the one who is talking. This means that Gabriel was very attentive, but, he usually cannot wait for his turn. He is also very excited to share his answer and forget to raise his hand as he just shouts out his answer even if the teacher did not call for him. This shows that he has not learned the value of courtesy in social setting like classroom. Gabriel's attitude towards the clip system was that of eagerness to gain clips, and shows interest in the discussions. It is remarkably notable that Gabriel became more interested with the discussions. He often raised hand but sometimes forgot to control him self and talked out of turn. It was then improved because he controlled his excitement in answering teacher questions. In fact he has 11 clips in talked out of turn in pre test then reduced to 1 clip. This is remarkably a good sign that students' behavior can be improved. 2. Ilysse Ilysse behavior was almost the same with Gabriel. She also often talked out of turn during whole group sessions before introducing the clip system. She also has very minimal occasions in raising hand and was minimally called. Despite her very minimal raising of hand, she was not called. She also experienced raising her hand and was not called, and then turns to raised hand and talked out of turn. In that manner she became noisy, then, turns to talk out of turn. In this regard her behavior before introducing the clip system was very noisy, talked out of turn, yet attentive and active, but, lack discipline and respect for the one who is talking. She was too sleepy and inactive during the session but she shows an eagerness to gain clips. Her interest in the discussion was not that good. It is important to note that Ilysse became conscious with her actions. She did not talked out of turn after implementing the clip system and became more interested with the discussions. In fact she often recited on the whole session even though she often was not called by her teacher. This means that Ilysse developed a self-confidence and discipline within the entire session. 3. Louis Louis is the quietest during classroom discussions. But when he is

Statistic with word and excel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Statistic with word and excel - Essay Example Factors that are expected to influence female fertility rate are the country’s wealth, the women’s position in society, the general state of health of the country, and the strength of family planning programmes adopted in the country. The following variables are designated for the study: OBS = observation, i.e. record count TFR = the total fertility rate, proxy of the growth of the population GNPPC = Gross National Product per capita in US Dollars, the proxy for country wealth FL = the percentage of the female population who are literate, the proxy for women’s social position CM = the child mortality rate per 1000 of live births, as proxy of the country’s state of health FP = an index of the strength of family planning in the country This study shall seek to determine the extent to which population growth (TFR) may be explained by the country wealth (GNPPC), women’s social position (FL), the country’s state of health (CM), and the strength of family planning in the country (FP). 2. Descriptive statistics Data have been gathered for 64 periods, indicating the variables TFR, GNPPC, FP, CM, and FL. The tabulated values have been collated and their descriptive statistics follow: Descriptive statistics of data gathered    TFR GNPPC FP CM FL Mean 5.55 1401.25 36.60 141.50 51.19 Mode 6.50 300.00 16.70 142.00 22.00 Median 6.04 620.00 28.65 138.50 48.00 Max 8.49 19830.00 101.10 312.00 95.00 Min 1.69 120.00 3.70 12.00 9.00 Std Dev 1.51 2725.70 27.03 75.98 26.01 Six descriptive statistics have been garnered: mean, which is the average of the data items; the mode which is the value that appears most frequently, and the median which is the value of the term in the middle of the range of values. The range is indicated by the maximum and the minimum, which are also determined above. Finally, the standard deviation, which is a measure of how much the individual observations in each term differ from the mean value for the group; it is a measure of the dispersion of the data from the mean. The graph following shows the observations for the variables except GNPPC. The reason why GNPPC was left out of the graph was because the values of this variable are of a much higher order than the other variables, rendering the latter indistinguishable in a graph scaled to meet GNPPC. The line graphs do not appear to show any strong correlations in the variation of any of the variables with each other. A cursory inspection of the descriptive statistics shows that the mean is higher than the median and mode for the GNPPC, FP and FL, and higher than the median, but not the mode, for CM. This indicates that the distribution tends to converge towards the higher end of the value range for these independent variables. On the other hand, the mean for TFR is lower than both the mode and the median, suggesting that the values for the dependent variable tended towards the lower end of the value range. The difference in directions betwee n dependent and independent variables appears to suggest a negatively correlated relationship. Moreover, outliers appear to exist in GNPPC, given the very high maximum value compared to either mean, mode or median. The high outlier may account for the abnormally high mean in comparison to the mode and median. In this

The inadequacy of motivation Essay Example for Free

The inadequacy of motivation Essay